Bullying and cyberbullying, what do they have in common and what not? A latent class analysis / Acoso y ciberacoso, ¿qué es igual y qué es distinto? Un análisis de clases latentes

El acoso escolar y el ciberacoso se presentan como comporta-mientos de riesgo durante la adolescencia. Aunque se ha reconocido una importante relación entre ambos fenómenos, aspectos referidos a su preva-lencia, la semejanza y diferencia entre uno y otro, la transferencia de roles, así como los aspectos emocionales, sociales y morales asociados aún están sin resolver. El objetivo fue explorar los perfiles de implicación en acoso y ciberacoso a través de un análisis de clases latentes y examinar su asocia-ción con desconexión moral, ajuste social y normativo y rumiación de la ira. Se presenta un estudio longitudinal en dos tiempos con 3,006 escolares de secundaria (Medad= 13.53; 51.9% chicas). Se utilizaron autoinformes ampliamente validados en la población de referencia. Los resultados mos-traron cuatro clases latentes: no implicados, víctimas-cibervíctimas, agreso-res victimizados y totalmente implicados. Análisis de regresión logística identificaron un bajo ajuste social en los totalmente implicados, bajo ajuste normativo y alta desconexión moral en perfiles mixtos, y alta rumiación de la ira en todos los perfiles de implicación, principalmente en agresores vic-timizados. Se discuten estos resultados en términos de su valor para com-prender los matices que distinguen el acoso y ciberacoso, de la existencia de roles puros y mixtos y de las variables emocionales, sociales y morales asociadas.(AU)

Bullying and cyberbullying are risky behaviours which normally occur during adolescence. Although an important relationship has been recognized between the two phenomena, issues related to their prevalence, the similarity and difference between them, the transfer of roles, as well as the emotional, social, and moral aspects associated with them, remain un-resolved. The aim of this study was to explore the roles ofinvolvement in bullying and cyberbullying through an analysis of latent classes, and exam-ine their association with moral disengagement, social and normative ad-justment, and anger rumination. The study had a two-stage longitudinal de-sign, with 3,006 secondary school students (Mage= 13.53; 51.9% girls), us-ing extensively validated self-reports in the reference population. The re-sults showed four latent classes: uninvolved, victim-cybervictim, bully-victim and wholly involved. Logistic regression analyses identified a low social adjustment in those wholly involved, low normative adjustment and high moral disengagement in mixed profiles, and high anger rumination in all involvement profiles, mainly in bully-victim. These results are discussed in terms of their value in understanding the distinctions between bullying and cyberbullying, the existence of pure and mixed roles, and the associat-ed emotional, social, and moral variables.(AU)

Influence of social motivation, self-perception of social efficacy and normative adjustment in the peer setting / Influencia de la motivación social, la percepción de eficacia y el ajuste normativo en el ajuste entre iguales

BACKGROUND: the first objective of this study was to adapt and test the psychometric properties of the Social Achievement Goal Scale (Ryan & Shim, 2006) in Spanish adolescent students. The second objective sought to analyse the influence of social goals, normative adjustment and selfperception of social efficacy on social adjustment among peers. METHOD: A total of 492 adolescents (54.1% females) attending secondary school (12-17 years; M = 13.8, SD = 1.16) participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were performed. RESULTS: The validation confirmed the three-factor structure of the original scale: social development goals, social demonstration-approach goals and social demonstration-avoidance goals. The structural equation model indicated that social development goals and normative adjustment have a direct bearing on social adjustment, whereas the social demonstration-approach goals (popularity) and self-perception of social efficacy with peers and teachers exert an indirect influence. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the Social Achievement Goal Scale (Ryan & Shim, 2006) yielded optimal psychometric properties. Having a positive motivational pattern, engaging in norm-adjusted behaviours and perceiving social efficacy with peers is essential to improving the quality of interpersonal relationships

ANTECEDENTES: el primer objetivo fue adaptar y comprobar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Metas Sociales -Social Achievement Goal- (Ryan & Shim, 2006) en adolescentes españoles escolarizados. El segundo objetivo buscó analizar la influencia de las metas sociales, el ajuste normativo y la autopercepción de eficacia social sobre el ajuste social entre iguales. MÉTODO: participaron 492 adolescentes (54.1% chicas) de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (12-17 años; M= 13.8; DT= 1.16). Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. RESULTADOS: la validación confirmó la estructura de la escala original, en tres factores: metas sociales de desarrollo, metas de popularidad y metas sociales de evitación. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales indicó que las metas sociales de desarrollo y el ajuste normativo influyen de manera directa sobre el ajuste social; las metas sociales de popularidad y la autopercepción de eficacia en el desempeño social con compañeros y profesores influyeron indirectamente. CONCLUSIONES: la versión española de la Escala de Metas Sociales -Social Achievement Goal- (Ryan & Shim, 2006) arrojó óptimas propiedades psicométricas. Disponer de un patrón motivacional positivo, mostrar conductas ajustadas a las normas y percibirse eficaz en el desempeño social con los iguales es clave para mejorar la calidad de las relaciones interpersonales

Influence of social motivation, self-perception of social efficacy and normative adjustment in the peer setting.

BACKGROUND: The first objective of this study was to adapt and test the psychometric properties of the Social Achievement Goal Scale (Ryan & Shim, 2006) in Spanish adolescent students. The second objective sought to analyse the influence of social goals, normative adjustment and self-perception of social efficacy on social adjustment among peers. METHOD: A total of 492 adolescents (54.1% females) attending secondary school (12-17 years; M = 13.8, SD = 1.16) participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were performed. RESULTS: The validation confirmed the three-factor structure of the original scale: social development goals, social demonstration-approach goals and social demonstration-avoidance goals. The structural equation model indicated that social development goals and normative adjustment have a direct bearing on social adjustment, whereas the social demonstration-approach goals (popularity) and self-perception of social efficacy with peers and teachers exert an indirect influence. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the Social Achievement Goal Scale (Ryan & Shim, 2006) yielded optimal psychometric properties. Having a positive motivational pattern, engaging in norm-adjusted behaviours and perceiving social efficacy with peers is essential to improving the quality of interpersonal relationships.

Explicative factors of face-to-face harassment and cyberbullying in a sample of primary students / Factores explicativos del acoso cara a cara y del ciberacoso en escolares de primaria

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that there is a co-occurrence between bullying and cyberbullying in relation to certain variables that describe and explain them. The present study aims to examine the differential influence of individual and contextual variables on perception of the role played in the involvement in both phenomena. METHOD: Participants were 1278 schoolchildren (47.7 % girls) of primary education, aged 10 to 14 years (M=11.11, SD= 0.75). RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis indicated that social adjustment, normative adjustment, disruptiveness, gender, and self-esteem explain a substantial part of the involvement in both violent phenomena as victims, aggressors, and bully/victims. CONCLUSIONS: The results are discussed regarding the weight that must attributed to individual versus contextual factors, concluding that the explicative weight of the immediate social elements and educational context may make the difference

ANTECEDENTES: la investigación ha puesto de manifiesto cierta co-ocurrencia entre el bullying y el cyberbullying en determinadas variables que los describen y explican. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo examinar la influencia diferencial de variables individuales y de contexto en la percepción del rol jugado en la implicación en bullying y cyberbullying. MÉTODO: participaron 1278 escolares de Educación Primaria (47.7% chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 14 años (M = 11.11;DT=0.75). RESULTADOS: los análisis de regresión logística señalaron que el ajuste social, el ajuste a las normas, la disruptividad, el género y la autoestima explican una parte sustancial de la implicación, en ambos fenómenos violentos, de víctimas, agresores y agresores victimizados. CONCLUSIONES: se discuten los resultados en relación al peso que debe atribuirse a factores individuales frente a factores contextuales próximos, concluyéndose que el peso explicativo de los elementos sociales inmediatos y de contexto educativo pueden estar marcando las diferencias

Explicative factors of face-to-face harassment and cyberbullying in a sample of primary students.

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that there is a co-occurrence between bullying and cyberbullying in relation to certain variables that describe and explain them. The present study aims to examine the differential influence of individual and contextual variables on perception of the role played in the involvement in both phenomena. METHOD: Participants were 1278 schoolchildren (47.7 % girls) of primary education, aged 10 to 14 years ( M =11.11, SD = 0.75). RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis indicated that social adjustment, normative adjustment, disruptiveness, gender, and self-esteem explain a substantial part of the involvement in both violent phenomena as victims, aggressors, and bully/victims. CONCLUSIONS: The results are discussed regarding the weight that must attributed to individual versus contextual factors, concluding that the explicative weight of the immediate social elements and educational context may make the difference.

Influencia de la exposición a la violencia en conductas de agresión en cyberbullying / Influence of the exposure to violence in aggressive behaviors in cyberbullying

En el presente trabajo se ha tratado de explorar el fenómeno del cyberbullying, un tipo de maltrato entre iguales reciente cuya trascendencia va en aumento, y su relación con la exposición a la violencia en los contextos donde los jóvenes se desarrollan. El objetivo está dirigido a conocer si las experiencias previas de exposición a situaciones violentas podrían estar vinculadas a una mayor implicación en conductas de agresión en cyberbullying. Para ello, se tomó una muestra de 328 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, a los que se les administró el Cuestionario de cyberbullying (Ang & Goh, 2010) y el Cuestionario de exposición a la violencia (Orúe & Calvate, 2010). Un análisis de regresión lineal mostró que existe una fuerte relación entre haber sido expuesto a sucesos violentos en el hogar y participar en actos de cyberbullying. La exposición a la violencia en el vecindario y, en último lugar, el contexto escolar también explican una parte sustancial de la implicación en este tipo de acoso. Las conclusiones subrayan la importancia de la observación de los episodios violentos en la implicación en cybermaltrato, teniendo en algunos casos una contribución más significativa que la propia victimización directa (AU)

This paper has attempted to explore cyberbullying, a recent type of bullying which importance is increasing, and the exposure to violence in contexts where young people are usually relating. The aim is to know if the previous experiences of exposure to violent situations could be linked to greater involvement in aggressive behavior in cyberbullying. For this purpose, a sample of 328 students of secondary school was taken. Instruments were Cyberbullying Questionnaire (Ang and Goh, 2010) and the Questionnaire of Exposure to Violence (Orúe & Calvate, 2010). Linear regression analysis showed a strong relationship between being exposed to violent events at home and engaged in acts of cyberbullying. Exposure to violence in the neighborhood and, finally, the school context also explain a substantial part of the involvement in this type of harassment. Conclusions focus the importance of the observation of violent episodes in the implication in cyberbbullying, having in some cases more significant contribution than the own direct victimization (AU)

Prevalencia y aspectos diferenciales relativos al género del fenómeno bullying en países pobres / Prevalence and differentiating aspects related to gender with regard to the bullying phenomenon in poor countries

Existe un importante cuerpo de conocimiento científico sobre violencia escolar y bullying en Europa y en otras regiones del llamado mundo desarrollado. Sin embargo, este avance es más escaso en regiones pobres o en vías de desarrollo, como es el caso de Latinoamérica y concretamente de Nicaragua. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer la prevalencia del fenómeno bullying en escuelas de Primaria de Nicaragua, analizar las posibles relaciones entre las distintas formas de violencia utilizadas por los escolares y explorar las posibles similitudes o diferencias entre chicos y chicas en ambos aspectos. Para ello, se ha encuestado a 3.042 escolares de Primaria (50,3% niñas) mediante el Cuestionario sobre Convivencia, Violencia y Experiencias de Riesgo-COVER. Entre los resultados se encuentra un nivel de implicación en bullying considerablemente más elevado que en los países ricos, que los chicos están más implicados que las chicas en bullying verbal, físico y psicológico, y que no existen diferencias respecto a la exclusión social. Se discuten los resultados comparándolos con estudios realizados en distintos países y con metodologías similares (AU)

There is a large body of scientific knowledge about school violence and bullying in Europe and some other regions of the so-called developed world. However, improvement is scarce in poor and developing regions, as in the case of Latin America and, in particular, Nicaragua. The goal of this work was to determine the prevalence of the bullying phenomenon in Nicaraguan primary schools, to analyze the eventual relationships between the different forms of violence used by the students and to explore, in relation to these aspects, the similarities and differences between boys and girls. For this purpose, we surveyed 3042 pupils of primary school (50.3% girls) using the «Cuestionario sobre Convivencia, Violencia y Experiencias de Riesgo» (COVER, in English, Questionnaire about Living Together, Violence and Risk Experiences). We found that the level of involvement in bullying is significantly higher than in developed countries, that boys are more involved than girls in verbal, physical and psychological bullying, and that there are no differences with regard to social exclusion. The results are discussed, comparing them with studies conducted in different countries but with similar methodologies (AU)

[Prevalence and differentiating aspects related to gender with regard to the bullying phenomenon in poor countries]. / Prevalencia y aspectos diferenciales relativos al género del fenómeno bullying en países pobres.

There is a large body of scientific knowledge about school violence and bullying in Europe and some other regions of the so-called developed world. However, improvement is scarce in poor and developing regions, as in the case of Latin America and, in particular, Nicaragua. The goal of this work was to determine the prevalence of the bullying phenomenon in Nicaraguan primary schools, to analyze the eventual relationships between the different forms of violence used by the students and to explore, in relation to these aspects, the similarities and differences between boys and girls. For this purpose, we surveyed 3042 pupils of primary school (50.3% girls) using the "Cuestionario sobre Convivencia, Violencia y Experiencias de Riesgo" (COVER, in English, Questionnaire about Living Together, Violence and Risk Experiences). We found that the level of involvement in bullying is significantly higher than in developed countries, that boys are more involved than girls in verbal, physical and psychological bullying, and that there are no differences with regard to social exclusion. The results are discussed, comparing them with studies conducted in different countries but with similar methodologies.